O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar a compreensão de docentes do ensino superior sobre a importância da pedagogia problematizadora. O estudo apresenta uma abordagem quali-quantitativa realizada com 27 docentes de uma instituição privada de ensino superior na província de Maputo, em Moçambique. Esse é o número de docentes que aceitou participar da pesquisa e preencheu o instrumento de avaliação autoaplicado. O estudo usou uma amostragem intencional e não probabilística, dada a impossibilidade de inquirir a todos os docentes da instituição; buscou-se, (...) assim, selecionar um subgrupo da população que, com base nas informações disponíveis, pudesse ser considerado representativo de toda a população. Os dados da pesquisa foram coletados por meio de um questionário autoaplicável e os resultados dispostos em tabela de frequências e inferência a partir do teste de correlação de Spearman (r). Constitui uma inovação considerar os parâmetros de correlação de Spearman para investigar a força de relacionamento entre as variáveis de princípios pedagógicos. O ensino superior é um local por excelência de transmissão de conhecimentos e valores sociais geradores de mudanças no estudante, em que o professor supera a visão de simples transmissor de conteúdos e executor de tarefas, adotando um sistema de educação progressista. Do correlacionamento feito entre a “importância do ensino problematizador” vs “ter ouvido falar do ensino problematizador” vs “o estudante ter direito de trazer seus conhecimentos”, pode-se constatar dificuldades oriundas da vigência do sistema bancário, um sistema que considera o aluno apenas como recipiente vazio a ser preenchido. Pode-se observar que a Metodologia Problematizadora exige imbricar a realidade e a prática, o que desperta um conjunto de implicações no momento da sua implementação dentro da sala de aula. Feito o correlacionamento entre a “importância do ensino problematizador” vs “ter ouvido falar do ensino problematizador” vs “o estudante ter direito de trazer seus conhecimentos”, pode-se constatar que a maior parte dos docentes inquiridos já ouviu falar sobre o sistema problematizador o que representa um nível satisfatório, apesar de não completo por existir uma minoria que ainda não ouviu, apontando a prevalência do ensino bancário na instituição, um sistema de ensino e aprendizagem que vê o aluno como uma caixa vazia, apenas um receptáculo Freire (2001a). A recomendação, porém, é que apesar de todos os desafios, a problematização deve ser exigida às instituições do ensino superior, criando condições de interação aluno-professor, e a comunidade donde ambos brotam, como o pilar da construção do conhecimento científico de qualidade em conformidade com as metas da Agenda 2030. (shrink)

O objetivo do trabalho consiste em apresentar o modelo libertário de educação como um encontro entre a liberdade e a responsabilidade. Para tanto, usou-se o método hermenêutico, que permitiu uma análise das interfaces entre a Pedagogia do Oprimido de Paulo Freire e o Princípio da Responsabilidade de Hans Jonas. O método dialético permitiu um diálogo entre os dois modelos, investigando as relações entre a liberdade e a responsabilidade. Essas relações entre os dois modelos surge do fato de que não se (...) pode pensar numa liberdade sem responsabilidade. Assim, a partir da responsabilidade, é possível pensar numa liberdade consciente que permite ao professor alcançar os objetivos pedagógicos estabelecidos na Agenda 2030 da ONU para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. (shrink)

Buddhists, including the Bhutanese, value human life as rare and precious, and accept sickness, ageing and death as normal aspects of life. However, death and dying are subjects that evoke deep and disturbing emotions often characterised by denial related to high-tech medicalisation and its inspiring hope. Advanced medical interventions such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation are believed to interfere with the natural process of dying. However, some excessively pursue medical interventions in the hope of prolonging and preserving life, refusing its finitude. Healthcare (...) workers are faced with increasing instances of ethical and moral dilemmas exacerbated by inadequate training and lack of proper understanding of the socio-cultural context on end-of-life care and to facilitate good death in Bhutan. We discuss these ethical dilemmas in providing quality end-of-life care and good death against the backdrop of rapidly changing social values and expectations. (shrink)

Cultural evolution studies are characterized by the notion that culture evolves accordingly to broadly Darwinian principles. Yet how far the analogy between cultural and genetic evolution should be pushed is open to debate. Here, we examine a recent disagreement that concerns the extent to which cultural transmission should be considered a preservative mechanism allowing selection among different variants, or a transformative process in which individuals recreate variants each time they are transmitted. The latter is associated with the notion of “cultural (...) attraction”. This issue has generated much misunderstanding and confusion. We first clarify the respective positions, noting that there is in fact no substantive incompatibility between cultural attraction and standard cultural evolution approaches, beyond a difference in focus. Whether cultural transmission should be considered a preservative or reconstructive process is ultimately an empirical question, and we examine how both preservative and reconstructive cultural transmission has been studied in recent experimental research in cultural evolution. Finally, we discuss how the relative importance of preservative and reconstructive processes may depend on the granularity of analysis and the domain being studied. (shrink)

Nietzsche's metaphor of the spider that spins its cobweb expresses his critique of the metaphysical use of language - but it also suggests that ‟we, spiders‟, are able to spin different, life-affirming, healthier, non-metaphysical cobwebs. This book is a collection of 12 essays that focus not only on Nietzsche's critique of the metaphysical assumptions of language, but also on his effort to use language in a different way, i.e., to create a ‟new language‟. It is from this viewpoint that the (...) book considers such themes as consciousness, the self, metaphor, instinct, affectivity, style, morality, truth, and knowledge. The authors invited to contribute to this volume are Nietzsche scholars who belong to some of the most important research centers of the European Nietzsche-Research: Centro Colli-Montinari (Italy), GIRN (Europhilosphie), SEDEN (Spain), Greifswald Research Group (Germany), NIL (Portugal). In 2011 João Constâncio and Maria João Mayer Branco edited Nietzsche on Instinct and Language, also published by Walter de Gruyter. The two books complement each other. (shrink)

There is a credibility decay on positive knowledge among the social scientists and particularly among the psychologists. Certainly different prejudices dwell upon this phenomenon. First and principal the usually made identity of positive and natural knowledge. This belief is also fed by many others such as that one which assumes that every quantification, which is a consequence of positive knowledge,follows the model of the Physical Sciences. We consider that all these prejudices do not keep in mind the work done in (...) the last decades on the Theories of Measure. We consider also that psychophysical methods which have been introduced by Stevens present a stimulating program for the behavioral sciences and they open a new frontiere to the positive knowledge. (shrink)

There is a credibility decay on positive knowledge among the social scientists and particularly among the psychologists. Certainly different prejudices dwell upon this phenomenon. First and principal the usually made identity of positive and natural knowledge. This belief is also fed by many others such as that one which assumes that every quantification, which is a consequence of positive knowledge,follows the model of the Physical Sciences. We consider that all these prejudices do not keep in mind the work done in (...) the last decades on the Theories of Measure. We consider also that psychophysical methods which have been introduced by Stevens present a stimulating program for the behavioral sciences and they open a new frontiere to the positive knowledge. (shrink)

O perspectivismo de Nietzsche defende que o mundo como um todo é “absurdo”, não tem uma meta, um valor, uma finalidade, um sentido, mas não defende que a condução de uma vida humana possa ser outra coisa que não um reger-se por metas, valores, fins, sentidos. Esta distinção é fundamental para que se compreenda que, por um lado, Nietzsche aceita a “verdade do niilismo” — aceita que o mundo é em si mesmo “absurdo”, o mundo não pode ser racionalmente justificado (...) —, mas, por outro, entende que, num determinado tipo de cultura humana, o mundo pode ser justificado “enquanto fenómeno estético”. É esta possibilidade de uma justificação estética do mundo que faz do pensamento de Nietzsche uma “luta contra o niilismo”, na qual não se trata de reduzir todas as metas, valores, fins e sentidos a ilusões subjectivas, mas sim de ousar pensar uma “transvaloração de todos os valores”. (shrink)

O artigo tentar mostrar três coisas: primeiro que, embora Nietzsche rejeite alguns dos aspectos mais importantes da famosa metafísica da vontade que se encontra no centro de toda a filosofia de Schopenhauer, tal metafísica não deixa por isso de ser o ponto de partida da sua análise do “facto fundamental da vontade humana” na Genealogia da Moral ; depois, que o modo como Schopenhauer entende o ascetismo e a “negação da vontade” tem uma importância crucial para a compreensão da concepção (...) nietzschiana do “ideal ascético” e de uma “vontade do nada” como vontade ascética; por fim, que a interpretação daquilo a que Nietzsche chama “niilismo” na Genealogia e, em geral, na sua obra não pode dispensar a reflexão sobre o modo como Nietzsche e Schopenhauer pensam o ascetismo e a ideia de uma “vontade do nada”. Este último ponto implica a revisão crítica de importantes interpretações do niilismo em Nietzsche, como a de Stegmaier e a de van Tongeren. (shrink)

Nietzsche's critique of the modern subject is often presented as a radical break with modern philosophy and associated with the so-called ‘death of the subject’ in 20th century philosophy. But Nietzsche claimed to be a ‘psychologist’ who was trying to open up the path for ‘new versions and sophistications of the soul hypothesis.’ Although there is no doubt that Nietzsche gave expression to a fundamental crisis of the modern conception of subjectivity, it is open to debate whether he wanted to (...) abandon the very idea of subjectivity or only to pose the problem of subjectivity in new terms. The volume includes 26 articles by top Nietzsche scholars. The chapters in Part I, “Tradition and Context”, deal with the relationship between Nietzsche's views on subjectivity and modern philosophy, as well as with the late 19th century context in which his thought emerged; Part II, “The Crisis of the Subject”, examines the impact of Nietzsche's critique of the subject on 20th century philosophy, from Freud to Heidegger to Dennett, but also in such authors as Deleuze, Foucault, Derrida, or Luhmann; Part III, “Current Debates - From Embodiment and Consciousness to Agency”, shows that the way in which Nietzsche engaged with such themes as the self, agency, consciousness, embodiment and self-knowledge makes his thought highly relevant for philosophy today, especially for philosophy of mind and ethics. (shrink)

In Ockhamist branching-time logic [Prior 67], formulas are meant to be evaluated on a specified branch, or history, passing through the moment at hand. The linguistic counterpart of the manifoldness of future is a possibility operator which is read as `at some branch, or history (passing through the moment at hand)'. Both the bundled-trees semantics [Burgess 79] and the $\langle moment, history\rangle$ semantics [Thomason 84] for the possibility operator involve a quantification over sets of moments. The Ockhamist frames are (3-modal) (...) Kripke structures in which this second-order quantification is represented by a first-order quantification. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the notions of modal definability, validity, and axiomatizability concerning 3-modal frames which can be viewed as generalizations of Ockhamist frames. (shrink)

This study examines the effects of socializing activity of the owned family in family firms in order to find out if the special characteristics of the socializing processes in this type of firm can contribute to defining a climate that favors employees' commitment to the organization.For this purpose, this study uses the main arguments of the sociological approach known as moral economy. The data required for this analysis was collected using a self-administered postal questionnaire and the results show that the (...) special type of socialization that takes place in the family firm, and particularly the emotional mediation that this type of socialization tends to entail, favors the appearance of noneconomic links between employers and employees. Thus, in family firms the climate favors the management of the affective, normative, and symbolic aspects. The authors consider that this provides an explanation for the higher levels of identification, involvement, and loyalty — and consequently organizational commitment — that they find empirically among the employees of such firms. (shrink)

This chapter discusses the relation between Christian Wolff's philosophy and the methodological views of early modern experimental philosophers. The chapter argues for three claims. First, Wolff's system relies on experience at every step and his views on experiments, observations, hypotheses, and the a priori are in line with those of experimental philosophers. Second, the study of Wolff's views demonstrates the influence of experimental philosophy in early eighteenth-century Germany. Third, references to Wolff's empiricism and rationalism are best identified or replaced with (...) references to his endorsement of the tenets of experimental philosophers and of a mathematical demonstrative method. (shrink)

A promoção do investimento responsável constitui a base de atracão de novos recursos e envolvimento do sistema financeiro na consecução dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Embora seja fundamental a intervenção do Estado por meio de políticas, investimentos, regulamentações e finanças, importa lembrar que cada transformação necessita de um profundo compromisso e alinhamento do setor privado. Por outro, apesar da importância crítica que o setor empresarial desempenha (empresas e instituições financeiras), ainda existe falta de clareza ou consistência sobre o que (...) significa para as empresas e os mercados financeiros alinharem-se com os ODS’s. O estudo examinou o impacto da oferta monetária e do crédito doméstico ao setor privado e do investimento no crescimento econômico em Moçambique, com base na abordagem de cointegração ARDL e teste de causalidade de Granger Block Exogeneity Wald Tests entre 1990 e 2022. Os resultados de longo prazo indicaram que apenas a oferta monetária tem impacto sobre o bem-estar econômico de Moçambique em 2,733%, enquanto os resultados do curto prazo indicam que a oferta monetária corrente afeta negativamente o crescimento econômico em 0,399%. Por outro lado, a oferta monetária de dois e três anos anteriores impacta positivamente o crescimento. O crédito interno ao setor privado corrente e sua primeira defasagem influenciam significativa e positivamente no crescimento econômico em Moçambique, enquanto o crédito interno, com segunda e terceira defasagens. tem influência negativa sobre o crescimento. Em termos de investimento na primeira e terceira defasagens, o impacto crescimento econômico é negativo, o que sugere a necessidade de o Governo racionalizar o uso de recurso através de transferências das despesas de consumo para as despesas de investimento. Os resultados do teste de causalidade de Granger indicaram que, em Moçambique, o bem-estar econômico medido pelo Produto Interno Bruto per capita tem repercussões sobre a oferta monetária e crédito interno ao setor privado. Foi encontrada uma causalidade unidirecional que vai de oferta monetária para crédito doméstico, e do investimento medido pela formação bruta de capital para o crédito doméstico. O estudo recomenda que o Banco de Moçambique adote uma política monetária que alterne regularmente expansão e contração, de forma a permitir que o aumento da oferta monetária seja promotor de taxas de crescimento mais alta. A economia deve alocar os créditos para empresas mais produtivas. (shrink)

People’s awareness of tactile stimuli has been investigated in far less detail than their awareness of stimuli in other sensory modalities. In an attempt to fill this gap, we provide an overview of studies that are pertinent to the topic of tactile consciousness. We discuss the results of research that has investigated phenomena such as “change blindness”, phantom limb sensations, and numerosity judgments in tactile perception, together with the results obtained from the study of patients affected by deficits that can (...) adversely affect tactile perception such as neglect, extinction, and numbsense. The similarities as well as some of the important differences that have emerged when visual and tactile conscious information processing have been compared using similar experimental procedures are highlighted. We suggest that conscious information processing in the tactile modality cannot be separated completely from the more general processing of spatial information in the brain. Finally, the importance of considering tactile consciousness within the larger framework of multisensory information processing is also discussed. (shrink)

A completeness theorem is established for logics with congruence endowed with general semantics (in the style of general frames). As a corollary, completeness is shown to be preserved by fibring logics with congruence provided that congruence is retained in the resulting logic. The class of logics with equivalence is shown to be closed under fibring and to be included in the class of logics with congruence. Thus, completeness is shown to be preserved by fibring logics with equivalence and general semantics. (...) An example is provided showing that completeness is not always preserved by fibring ligics endowed with standard (non general) semantics. A categorial characterization of fibring is provided using coproducts and cocartesian liftings. (shrink)

We study the computability-theoretic complexity and proof-theoretic strength of the following statements: (1) "If X is a well-ordering, then so is ε X ", and (2) "If X is a well-ordering, then so is φ(α, X)", where α is a fixed computable ordinal and φ represents the two-placed Veblen function. For the former statement, we show that ω iterations of the Turing jump are necessary in the proof and that the statement is equivalent to ${\mathrm{A}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{A}}_{0}^{+}$ over RCA₀. To prove the (...) latter statement we need to use ω α iterations of the Turing jump, and we show that the statement is equivalent to ${\mathrm{\Pi }}_{{\mathrm{\omega }}^{\mathrm{\alpha }}}^{0}{-\mathrm{C}\mathrm{A}}_{0}$ . Our proofs are purely computability-theoretic. We also give a new proof of a result of Friedman: the statement "if x is a well-ordering, then so is φ(x, 0)" is equivalent to ATR₀ over RCA₀. (shrink)

This major publication is a history of the semantic tradition in philosophy from the early nineteenth century through its incarnation in the work of the Vienna Circle, the group of logical positivists that emerged in the years 1925-1935 in Vienna who were characterised by a strong commitment to empiricism, a high regard for science, and a conviction that modern logic is the primary tool of analytic philosophy. In the first part of the book, Alberto Coffa traces the roots of (...) logical positivism in a semantic tradition that arose in opposition to Kant's theory that a priori knowledge is based on pure intuition and the constitutive powers of the mind. In Part II, Coffa chronicles the development of this tradition by members and associates of the Vienna Circle. Much of Coffa's analysis draws on the unpublished notes and correspondence of many philosophers. The book, however, is not merely a history of the semantic tradition from Kant 'to the Vienna Station'. Coffa also critically reassesses the role of semantic notions in understanding the ground of a priori knowledge and its relation to empirical knowledge and questions the turn the tradition has taken since Vienna. (shrink)

Abortion is largely accepted even for reasons that do not have anything to do with the fetus' health. By showing that (1) both fetuses and newborns do not have the same moral status as actual persons, (2) the fact that both are potential persons is morally irrelevant and (3) adoption is not always in the best interest of actual people, the authors argue that what we call ‘after-birth abortion’ (killing a newborn) should be permissible in all the cases where abortion (...) is, including cases where the newborn is not disabled. (shrink)

This open access book discusses individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to vaccination from the perspective of philosophy and public health ethics. It addresses the issue of what it means for a collective to be morally responsible for the realisation of herd immunity and what the implications of collective responsibility are for individual and institutional responsibilities. The first chapter introduces some key concepts in the vaccination debate, such as ‘herd immunity’, ‘public goods’, and ‘vaccine refusal’; and explains why failure (...) to vaccinate raises certain ethical issues. The second chapter analyses, from a philosophical perspective, the relationship between individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to the realisation of herd immunity. The third chapter is about the principle of least restrictive alternative in public health ethics and its implications for vaccination policies. Finally, the fourth chapter presents an ethical argument for unqualified compulsory vaccination, i.e. for compulsory vaccination that does not allow for any conscientious objection. The book will appeal to philosophers interested in public health ethics and the general public interested in the philosophical underpinning of different arguments about our moral obligations with regard to vaccination. (shrink)

Cultural evolution researchers use transmission chain experiments to investigate which content is more likely to survive when transmitted from one individual to another. These experiments resemble oral storytelling, wherein individuals need to understand, memorize, and reproduce the content. However, prominent contemporary forms of cultural transmission—think an online sharing—only involve the willingness to transmit the content. Here I present two fully preregistered online experiments that explicitly investigated the differences between these two modalities of transmission. The first experiment (_N_ = 1,080 participants) (...) examined whether negative content, information eliciting disgust, and threat-related information were better transmitted than their neutral counterpart in a traditional transmission chain setup. The second experiment (_N_ = 1,200 participants) used the same material, but participants were asked whether or not they would share the content in two conditions: in a large anonymous social network or with their friends, in their favorite social network. Negative content was both better transmitted in transmission chain experiments and shared more than its neutral counterpart. Threat-related information was successful in transmission chain experiments but not when sharing, and finally, information eliciting disgust was not advantaged in either. Overall, the results present a composite picture, suggesting that the interactions between the specific content and the medium of transmission are important and, possibly, that content biases are stronger when memorization and reproduction are involved in the transmission—as in oral transmission—than when they are not—as in online sharing. Negative content seems to be reliably favored in both modalities of transmission. (shrink)

The basic notions in Prior's Ockhamist and Peircean logics of branching-time are the notion of moment and that of history. In the tree semantics, histories are defined as maximal linearly ordered sets of moments. In the geometrical approach, both moments and histories are primitive entities and there is no set theoretical dependency of the latter on the former. In the topological approach, moments can be defined as the elements of a rank 1 base of a non-Archimedean topology on the set (...) of histories. In this paper, it will be shown that the topological approach, and hence the other approaches, can be reconstructed in a framework in which the basic notions are those of history and of relative closeness relation among histories. (shrink)

In just the last decade, many conference proceedings have been published on Plato’s Timaeus and its influence on the history of philosophy. The present vo­lume, which is the result of a symposium held at Seoul National University in September 2011, testifies to the enduring and widespread interest the Platonic dia­logue is able to elicit. The nine studies here collected by Euree Song center on the figure of the demiurge as maker of the world and they all deal with authors who, (...) while having di... (shrink)

O artigo é uma reflexão sobre o modo como, na "Genealogia da Moral", Nietzsche repensa "o problema estético" a partir da oposição entre a concepção kantiana do belo como predicado de um juízo "desinteressado" e a concepção stendhaliana do belo como efeito de uma "cristalização" e uma "promessa de felicidade". A chave do pensamento de Nietzsche neste contexto está no conceito de "embriaguez" , por um lado, como termo-chave para designar a "pré-condição fisiológica" da arte, mas, por outro, como um (...) processo de espiritualização dos instintos ou das pulsões que as interioriza e intensifica. Esta espiritualização distingue-se da contemplação desinteressada porque não nos des-afecta e porque é, em grande medida, uma espiritualização da sexualidade, mas não deixa, por isso, de implicar uma reavaliação dos valores e uma ampliação do horizonte do humano. É por isso que a arte pode ser pensada como um "contra-movimento" que afirma a vida e combate o "ideal ascético" e o "niilismo europeu". The present article is a reflection on the way how, in "Genealogy of Morals", Nietzsche rethinks "the aesthetic issue" based on the opposition between Kant's conception of beauty as a predicate of a "disinterested" judgment and the stendhaliana conception of beauty as the effect of a "crystallization" and a "promise of happiness". The key to the thought of Nietzsche's in this context resides on the concept of "intoxication" on the one hand, as a key-term to designate the "pre-physiological condition" of art, but on the other hand, as a process of spiritualisation of the instincts or of the drives, which internalizes and intensifies them. This spiritualization is distinguished from disinterested contemplation for it does not dis-affects us, and because it is by large a spiritualization of sexuality, without renouncing to imply a revaluation of the values and a widening on the horizon of the human. That is why art can be thought of as a "counter-movement" that affirms life and fights the "ascetic ideal" and the "European nihilism". (shrink)